Īfter Crassus' departure from Rome at the end of 55 BC and following his death in battle in 53 BC, the alliance started to fracture more cleanly. Their joint consulship assigned new provincial commands to the consuls, with Pompey receiving Spain while Crassus went to Syria to fight the Parthians Caesar, for his part, had his proconsulship in Gaul renewed. The political alliance between the three began to fray in the mid 50s BC, but was put on hold with a renegotiation and the joint consulship of Pompey and Crassus in 55 BC. The short-term benefits to the three emerged from their own purposes: ratification of Pompey's eastern settlement, agrarian measures involving Pompey and Crassus.
The alliance of three men "induced a sharp restructuring of alliances and alignments" with temporary benefit to them but harm in the long-run with aristocratic groups coalescing in opposition. Caesar had allied himself with Crassus and Pompey in the so-called First Triumvirate during his consulship. Starting from 58 BC, the year after his consulship in 59, Caesar had held the proconsulship of Cisalpine Gaul along with Illyricum under the terms of the lex Vatinia and Transalpine Gaul at the assignment of the Senate.
The main issue at hand in the lead-up to the war was how Caesar, who had been in Gaul for almost ten years before 49 BC, was to be re-integrated into the political fabric of Rome after accumulating immense power and wealth in Gaul. Caesar's victory and the following total victory of his heir some twenty years after his death led to the formation of the Roman Empire.įurther information: First Triumvirate and Gallic Wars Its outbreak also has been seen by some Romanists as the proximate cause of the republic's fall due to its polarising interruption of normal republican government. The civil war is commonly recognised as one of the possible endpoints of Rome's republican government. He was made dictator perpetuo ("dictator in perpetuity" or "dictator for life") in 44 BC and assassinated shortly thereafter. The following year, Caesar defeated the last of the Pompeians under his former lieutenant Labienus in the Battle of Munda. Scipio and Cato committed suicide shortly thereafter. Caesar intervened in Africa and Asia Minor before attacking North Africa, where he defeated Scipio in 46 BC at the Battle of Thapsus. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated on arrival. Many former Pompeians, including Marcus Junius Brutus and Cicero, surrendered after the battle, while others, such as Cato the Younger and Metellus Scipio fought on. Pompey defeated Caesar in 48 BC at the Battle of Dyrrhachium, but was himself defeated decisively at the Battle of Pharsalus.
The war was fought in Italy, Illyria, Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Hispania. Caesar refused and instead marched on Rome. Pompey and his allies induced the Senate to demand Caesar give up his provinces and armies in the opening days of 49 BC. A build-up of tensions starting in late 50 BC, with both Caesar and Pompey refusing to back down, led to the outbreak of civil war. The main cause of the war was political tensions relating to Caesar's place in the republic on his expected return to Rome on the expiration of his governorship in Gaul.īefore the war, Caesar had led an invasion of Gaul for almost ten years. Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) was a civil war during the late Roman Republic between Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.
0 kommentar(er)
